МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ЭКОНОМИКИ И УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

Т.М. Белимова, О.Г. Шамраева

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Программа, методические указания и варианты контрольных заданий 
для студентов заочной формы обучения

Новосибирск 
2009
Содержание программы
Целевая установка
Основной целью обучения студентов английскому языку в неязыковом вузе является достижение ими практического владения этим языком, что предполагает при заочном обучении формирование умения самостоятельно читать литературу по специальности вуза с целью извлечения информации из иноязычных источников.
Данная программа предусматривает самостоятельную работу студентов. 
В заочных вузах, как правило, изучается тот же иностранный язык, который изучался в среднем учебном заведении.
Поскольку лица, поступающие в заочный вуз, имеют иногда значительный перерыв в занятиях, и уровень их подготовки по английскому языку очень различен, программа по английскому языку включает грамматический и лексический материал, необходимый для овладения умениями и навыками чтения литературы по специальности вуза.
Методические указания
Настоящие методические указания имеют целью помочь вам в вашей самостоятельной работе над развитием практических навыков чтения и перевода литературы по специальности на английском языке.
Для того чтобы добиться успеха, необходимо приступить к работе над языком с первых же дней занятий в вузе и заниматься языком систематически.
Запас слов и выражений
Чтобы понимать читаемую литературу, необходимо овладеть определенным запасом слов и выражений. Для этого рекомендуется регулярно читать на английском языке учебные тексты, газеты и оригинальную литературу по специальности.
Работу над закреплением и обогащением лексического запаса рекомендуем проводить следующим образом:
а)	работая со словарем, выучите английский алфавит, а также ознакомьтесь по предисловию с построением словаря и с системой условных обозначений, принятых в данном словаре;
б)	 слова выписывайте в тетрадь или на карточки в исходной форме с соответствующей грамматической характеристикой, т.е. существительные – в ед. числе; глаголы – в неопределенной форме (в инфинитиве), указывая для неправильных глаголов основные формы.
При переводе с английского языка на русский необходимо помнить, что трудности вызывает следующее:
1.	Многозначность слов. Например: слово right может выступать в роли существительного право, а также и в качестве прилагательного прямой, правый.
Подобрать нужное значение слова можно только исходя из контекста, т.е. окружающих данное слово слов. Например
Our working people have the right to work and to study.
A right angle equals 90°.
Go to the right.
When will you see our flat? (квартира)
The flat (плоская) surface of the unit was painted green.
2.	Интернационализмы. В английском языке большое место занимают слова, заимствованные из других языков, в основном латинского и греческого. Эти слова получили широкое распространение и стали интернациональными.
По корню таких слов легко догадаться об их переводе на русский язык, например: mechanization механизация; atom атом и т.д.
Однако нужно помнить, что многие интернационализмы расходятся в своем значении в русском и английском языках, поэтому их часто называют «ложными друзьями» переводчика. Например: accurate точный, а не аккуратный; resin смола, а не резина; control не только контролировать, но и управлять и т.д.
3.	Словообразование. Эффективным средством расширения запаса слов в английском языке служит знание способов словообразования. Умея расчленить производное слово на корень, суффикс и префикс, легче определить значение неизвестного слова. Кроме того, зная значения наиболее употребительных префиксов и суффиксов, вы сможете без труда понять значение гнезда слов, образованных из одного корневого слова, которое вам известно.
Часто встречаются префиксы, которые имеют международных характер, например:
anti- анти-:antibody антитело
co- со-: co-exist сосуществовать
de- де-: demilitarize демилитаризовать
Основные суффиксы существительных
Суффикс	Примеры	Перевод	
-ance	importance	значение	
-ence	silence	молчание	
-sion	revision	пересмотр	
-dom	freedom	свобода	
--ion (-tion, -ation)	revolution	революция	
	formation	формирование	
-ment	equipment	оборудование	
-ness	softness	мягкость	
-ship	friendship	дружба	
-age	voltage	напряжение	
-er	teacher	преподаватель	
-ty	difficulty	трудность	
Основные суффиксы прилагательных и наречий
Суффикс	Примеры	Перевод	
-able	remarkable	выдающийся	
-ible	extensible	растяжимый	
-ant, -ent	resistant	сопротивляющийся	
	different	различный	
-ful	successful	успешный	
-less	homeless	бездомный	
-ous	famous	известный	
-y	sunny	солнечный	
-ly	happily	счастливо 	
4.	Конверсия. Образование новых слов из существующих без изменения написания слов называется конверсией. Наиболее распространенным является образование глаголов от соответствующих существительных. Например:
water вода                                   to water поливать
control контроль                        to control контролировать
cause причина                             to cause причинять, являться причиной
Помните, что одинаковые по форме слова могут относиться к различным частям речи и, выполняя различные синтаксические функции, иметь различный смысл. Поэтому смысловое значение знаменательного слова зависит от его места в предложении от строевых слов, уточняющих грамматическую категорию этого слова.

Существительное в функции подлежащего
Light is a form of energy. Свет есть форма энергии.
Глагол – сказуемое
I seldom light a candle. Я редко зажигаю свечу.
5.	В английском языке очень часто существительное употребляется в функции определения без изменения своей формы. Структура «существительное + существительное + существительное» (и т.д.) вызывает трудности при переводе, так как существительные стоят подряд. Главным словом в такой группе является последнее, а все предшествующие существительные являются определениями к нему.
Некоторые существительные – определения могут переводиться прилагательными, например:
cane тростник; cane sugar тростниковый сахар;
sugar сахар; sugar cane сахарный тростник;
machine-building industry машиностроительная промышленность
Однако подобный способ перевода не всегда возможен; часто такие определения приходится переводить существительными в косвенных падежах или предложными оборотами. Порядок перевода обуславливается смысловыми связями между определениями и определяемым словом. Перевод следует начинать справа налево с последнего существительного, а существительные, стоящие перед ним в роли определения, нужно переводить на русский язык существительными в косвенных падежах (чаще родительном) или предложным оборотом, например:
export grain зерно на экспорт (экспортное зерно); 
grain export экспорт зерна
6.	 В английском языке есть ряд глаголов, которые употребляются с послелогами и образуют новые понятия. Благодаря послелогам сравнительно немногочисленная группа слов отличается большой многозначностью. К этой группе относятся глаголы to get, to be, to make, to go, to put и рад других.
В словаре глаголы с послелогом пишутся после основного значения глагола в порядке алфавита послелогов. Часто перед послелогом пишется только начальная буква основного глагола, например:
to go идти; to go on продолжать
7.	 В текстах научного характера английские словосочетания часто переводятся одним словом: 
raw materials сырье;
radio operator радист;
construction стройка
Сочетание 3-х, 4-х слов может быть передано по-русски двумя – тремя словами: an iron and steel mill металлургический завод.
8.	 Иногда при переводе с английского языка на русский приходится применять описательный перевод и передавать значение английского слова с помощью нескольких русских слов. Например:
Существительные
characteristics характерные особенности;
efficiency коэффициент полезного действия;
necessities предметы первой необходимости;
output выпуск продукции;
solid твердое тело
Глаголы и наречия
to average составлять, равняться в среднем;
mainly (chiefly) главным образом
9.	 Характерной особенностью языка научно-технической литературы является наличие большого количества терминов. Термин – это слово или устойчивое словосочетание, которое имеет одно строго определенное значение для определенной области науки и техники.
Однако, в технической литературе имеются случаи, когда термин имеет несколько значений.
Трудность перевода заключается в выборе правильного значения многозначного иностранного термина. Чтобы избежать ошибок, нужно знать общее содержание отрывка или абзаца и, опираясь на контекст, определить, к какой области знания относится понятие, выраженное неизвестным термином. Например: термин reduction можно перевести как понижение или превращение, или приведение (мат.), или как восстановление (хим.), или как обжатие (метал.). Правильное значение можно определить только по контексту. Поэтому прежде чем приступить к переводу на русский язык, нужно сначала установить, о чем идет речь в абзаце или в данном отрывке текста.

Особенности грамматического строя английского языка
В силу особенностей исторического развития английского языка в его грамматической системе сохранилось минимальное число окончаний.

Грамматические окончания в английском языке
Окончание		Словообразование	
-s	имени существительного
1)	во мн. числе
2)	‘s в притяжательном падеже	глагола
в 3-м лице ед. числа в утвердит. форме наст. вр. (Present Indefinite Tense)	

-	
-er	имени прилагательного в сравнительной степени	имя существительное, обозначающее действующее лицо, аппарат, прибор.	
-est	имени прилагательного в превосходной степени	-	
-ed	глагола: 1) в личной форме простого прошедшего времени (Past Indefinite Tense)
2) в неличной форме (Participle II)	-	
-ing	Глагола в неличных формах: 
Participle I – причастие настоящего времени
Gerund – герундий
Verbal Noun – отглагольное существительное	
-	

Примеры к таблице
1. These machines are highly efficient.
Эти машины имеют высокий коэффициент полезного действия.
2. The machine’s capacity is high.
Производительность этой машины высокая.
3. He machines these parts.
Он подвергает механистической обработке эти детали.
-er, -est	
lighter легче	a teacher учитель	
the lightest самый легкий	a lighter зажигалка	
-ed	
He lighted the lamp. – Он зажег лампу.	lighted зажженный	
-ing	
lighting – освещающий (определение), освещая (обстоятельство) (Participle I)
lighting – освещение (имеется ввиду процесс) (Gerund)
the lighting – освещение (Verbal Noun)	
Поскольку количество суффиксов английского языка, по которым можно установить, к какой части речи относится данное слово, сравнительно невелико, для уточнения грамматических функций слова, взятого отдельно или в предложении, используются: 1) строевые слова; 2) твердый порядок слов.
Строевые слова – признаки	
имени существительного	глагола	
1	2	
Артикль
a name - имя
an aim - цель
the machine - машина	Прединфинитивная частица
to name - называть
to aim - нацеливаться
to machine – обрабатывать механически	
1	2	
Предлог
in turn – по очереди
without result – без результата	Модальный или вспомогательный глагол
You must turn to the left. Вам надо повернуть налево.
Their efforts will result in success. Их усилия приведут к успеху.
They should watch the TV programme. Им следует посмотреть эту передачу.	
Местоимение (притяжательное, вопросительное, неопределенное, отрицательное, относительное)
my work – моя работа
his student – его знания
Whose plans are better?  Чьи планы лучше?
No vacant seats are left. (Никаких) свободных мест не осталось.	Местоимение (личное, вопросительное, относительное)
I work.  Я работаю.
He studies. Он занимается.
Who plans the research? Кто планирует это научное исследование?
The car which seats 5 persons. Машина, которая вмещает (рассчитана на) 5 человек.	

Работа над текстом
Поскольку основной целевой установкой обучения является получение информации из иноязычного источника, особое внимание следует уделять чтению текстов.
Точное и полное понимание текста осуществляется поутем изучающего чтения.
Изучающее чтение предполагает умение самостоятельно проводить лексико-грамматический анализ, используя знания общетехнических и специальных предметов. Итогом изучающего чтения является точный перевод текста на родной язык. 
Проводя этот вид работы, следует развивать навыки адекватного перевода текста (устного или письменного) с использованием отраслевых, терминологических словарей, словарей сокращений.
Выполнение контрольных заданий и оформление контрольных работ
1. Каждое контрольное задание в данном пособии предлагается в 10-ти вариантах. Вы должны выполнить Одина из 10-ти вариантов в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра.
Номер варианта темы контрольной работы	Последняя цифра номера зачетной книжки (студенческого билета)	
Вариант №1	1	
Вариант №2	2	
Вариант №3	3	
Вариант №4	4	
Вариант №5	5	
Вариант №6	6	
Вариант №7	7	
Вариант №8	8	
Вариант №9	9	
Вариант №10	0	
2. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, номер контрольной работы и название учебника, по которому вы занимаетесь.
3. Контрольные работы должны выполняться чернилами, аккуратно, четким почерком. При выполнении контрольной работы оставляйте в тетради широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний рецензента.
Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради по следующему образцу.
Левая страница	Правая страница	
Поля	Английский текст	Русский текст	Поля	
4. В каждом контрольном задании выделяются один или два абзаца для проверки умения читать без словаря, понимать основную мысль, изложенную в абзаце. После текста делает контрольный вопрос, с помощью которого проверяется, насколько правильно и точно вы поняли мысль, изложенную в абзаце (или абзацах). Ниже предлагается несколько вариантов ответов. Среди этих вариантов необходимо найти тот, который наиболее правильно и четко отвечает на поставленный вопрос.
5. Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в институт в установленные сроки.
6. Если контрольная работа выполнена без соблюдения указаний или не полностью, она возвращается без проверки.
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы грамматики английского языка:
1. Артикль.
2. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные.
3. Местоимения much, (a) little, (a) few.
4. Времена  в активном и пассивном залогах.
5. Условные предложения.
6. Сложное дополнение (complex Object).
7. Сложное подлежащее (complex Subject).
8. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Учебники
1. Английская грамматика. – М.: Изд-во ЭКСМО, 2003.
2. Вейхман Г.А. Новое в грамматике современного английского языка. Учебное пособие для вузов. – М.: Астрель. АСТ, 2002.
3. Ионини А.А., Саакян А.С. Английская грамматика. – М.: Айрис Пресс, 2003.
4. Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка. – Санкт-Петербург: Сазис Каро, 2003
Словари
1. Англо-русский словарь наиболее употребительных слов и выражений. – М.: Центрополиграф, 2004
2. Мюллер В.К. Новый англо-русский словарь. – М.: Изд-во Альта – Пресс, 2003.
3. Русско-английский англо-русский словарь. М.: Арстрель. АСТ, 2003.
4. Хориби А.С., Гетенби Э.В., Уэйкфильд Г. Учебный словарь современного английского языка. – М.: Изд-во АСТ, 2001.

Вариант 1
I.	Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. … Stock Exchange of … United Kingston and … Republic of Ireland was formed in 1973.
2. They say he has … great future in his firm.
3. We hope for … future and regret … past.
4. On such … evening everyone looks up at … Milky Way.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. Are there … commercial banks in your town? – Yes, there are … .
2. She helped me to borrow … more money.
3. I was late. I found … in the house.
4. I don’t think you should do … in this situation.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many; c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. … insurance companies protect their customers against risk.
2. Nowadays he was very busy and he saw … of his old friends.
3. I can’t buy this expensive hat today: I have too … money.
4. When we walked … farther down the road, we met another group of students.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. Recent years … substantial changes in the occupational distribution of the labour force.
a) has seen               b) had seen
c) have seen             d) will have seen
2. By the 1930s the birth rate in Britain … to less than one half the rate experienced during the nineteenth century.
a) have fallen           b) had fallen
c) will have fallen    d) has fallen
3. The drift of the population and employment to the suburbs … on for a long time.
a) has been going    b) have been going
c) had been going    d) will have been going
4. Economic conditions … all the time.
a) is changing          b) were changing
c) was changing       d) are changing

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. The precious metals … first … as money on the basis of weight.
a) is used                  b) are used
c) were used             d) was used
2. The price of a product … by the interaction of demand and supply.
a) is determined       b) are determined
c) was determined    d) were determined
3. The gradual trend towards larger enterprises … not … to manufacturing industry
a) had been confined     b) will be confined
c) have been confined   d) has been confined
4. Ahead of us the port lay in a flood of lights. Two cargo-ships … .
a) is being unloaded       b) are being unloaded
c) was being unloaded   d) were being unloaded

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. If the assumption ... incorrect or inadequate, the model might yield incorrect or inadequate predictions.
a) is                     b) are
c) was                  d) were
2. If incomes …, the demand for most goods and services will tend to increase.
a) are rising         b) were rising
c) is rising           d) was rising
3. If land … as the total surface area of the planet, including oceans, lakes and rivers, than its total quantity is fixed.
a) was defined      b) were defined 
c) is defined         d) are defined
4.If money incomes … by 5 per cent, but over the same period prices rise by 10 per cent, real income will have fallen.
a) will rise            b) rose
c) rises                  d) rise

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. I’d like them … they money for a started period of time.
a) leave                b) leaves
c) left                   d) to leave
2. She saw him … the street looking to the left and to the right.
a) cross                b) crosses
c) crossed            d) to cross
3. I know her … funds from her bank account to the merchant’s account.
a) to transfer        b) transferred
c) transfer            d) transfers
4. She heard somebody … up to her door.
a) to walk            b) walk
c) walks              d) walked

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. Many books are known … in our country every year.
a) is published     b) are published
c) to publish        d) to be published
2. You are supported … in four years.
a) graduate           b) graduates
c) to graduate       d) to be graduated
3. This device was known … in that laboratory.
a) to have been designed     b) to be designed
c) has been designed           d) have been designed
4. The sun is known … mass of compressed gases.
a) represent           b) represents
c) to represent       d) to be represented

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. When I worked there, personnel … anywhere in the compound.
a) can’ smoke        b) couldn’t smoke
c) isn’t to smoke    d) need not smoke
2. The level of accuracy in measurement … differ very widely.
a) may             b) might
c) must            d) could
3. We sent out the invitations a week ago; they … have arrived by now.
a) should         b) might
c) could           d) must
4. It was raining hard and we … to wait until it stopped raining.
a) has              b) have
c) had              d) must

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. Экономика Великобритании известна как смешанная экономика.
2. Определенный сектор национального хозяйства принадлежит и управляется частными гражданами либо индивидуально, либо коллективно.
3. Естественно, что каждый индивидуальный предприниматель стремится к получению максимальной прибыли, увеличивая свой личный доход.
4. Являясь единоличным владельцем собственного предприятия, можно самостоятельно принимать любые решения.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы
Types of Markets
1.  There ate two types of market according to the character of concluded contacts: spot market  (the buying and selling of goods, currency or securities that are available for immediate delivery) and futures markets (the buying and selling of goods, currency or securities for delivery at a future date for a price fixed in advance).
2. There are three types of markets according to their function: commodity markets\exchanges, stock market\exchanges, foreign exchange markets.
3. Commodity markets\exchanges are the places where raw materials and some manufactured goods are bought and sold for immediate or future delivery. Main terminal markets are situated in London and New York. Terminal markets are the markets dealing mainly with commodities that will be available in the future rather than goods that are available immediately. Most terminal markets are outside the countries that produce the goods.
4. Stock markets\exchanges are the markets where stock and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices controlled by supply and demand. The main idea of stock exchanges is to enable public companies, the state and local authorities  to attract capital by way or selling securities to investors.
5. Foreign exchange markets are the markets where foreign currencies are traded.

Вариант 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. … second largest stock exchange in … USA is American Stock Exchange.
2. … iron is bread of … industry; nickel is … meat.
3. It gave me … intense satisfaction that all enjoyed my article. 
4. He was … bachelor with … small income.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. Is there … money in your savings account? – No, there isn’t … .
2. It meant real hardship to my mother unless I earned … money at once.
3. This is my business and … else’s.
4. I can’t fetch you because I ... longer have my car. I am selling it tomorrow.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many; 
c) (a) little; d) (a) few
1. It takes one … money to join a credit union.
2. I suggested that he should get … grapes and … bread.
3. I’ll come at 7 tomorrow. – No, you needn’t come that early, we start … later.
4. … big firms obtain funds by selling commercial paper.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. At present we … a new sales director.
a) are recruiting      b) is recruiting
c) was recruiting    d) were recruiting
2. In recent years the government … financial assistance towards the costs of developments in micro-electronics, office automation, computer – aided design, robots and aerospace.
a) had provided      b) will have provided
c) has provided      d) have provided
3.I … all this typing by 5 p.m.
a) will have finished       b) would have finished
c) will finish                   d) would finish

4. The classical economists … money as more than a medium of exchange.
a) regarded            b) regard
c) will regard         d) regards

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. At this stage the raw materials … into this container.
a) was loaded         b) were loaded
c) is loaded             d) are loaded
2. The management knew what prices … for the commodity in every part of the market.
a) was being asked      b) were being asked
c) is being asked         d)are being asked
3. You may come at five o’clock; the accounts … .
a) is checked              b) are checked
c) would checked      d) will be checked
4. This question … at the last meeting and no conclusion was reached them.
a) was raised             b) were raised
c) is raised                d) are raised

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. If the price of butter …, the demand for margarine would probably fall.
a) will fall          b) would fall
c) fall                 d) fell
2. If you hire anyone, you will, of course, need to pay a salary, and if you … your business to expand, you will need capital for research, growth, and expansion.
a) want               b) wants
c) wanted           d) to want
3. If demand … inelastic, the movement of the supply curve would lead to a relatively large fall in price and a relatively small increase in the quantity demanded.
a) was                b) were
c) be                  d) will be
4. If I … that I wouldn’t have said anything.
a) has known     b) have known
c) had known    d)will known

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. He made his bookkeeper … a lawyer.
a) consult            b) consults 
c) consulted        d) will consult
2. I known advertising … a poor product or service into a good one.
a) turn                 b) turned
c) to turn             d) to be turn
3. I must have these shoes … .
a) mend               b) mends
c) mended           d) will mend
4. I’d like them … a single room with private bathroom for three nights.
a) book                b) books
c) to book            d) booked

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. The new rocket is reported … into operation next year.
a) go                    b) goes
c) to go                d) to be gone
2. He is said … a good translator.
a) am                    b) is
c) are                    d) to be
3. The weather in Europe was reported … hot last summer.
a) to have been     b) has been
c) have been         d) had been
4. They appeared … the way.
a) has lost             b) have lost
c) to have lost        d) had lost

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. You … have got this book from our library if you had gone there yesterday.
a) can                   b) could
c) may                 d) might
2. We … not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it.
a) can                  b) may
c) need                d) must
3. You .. laugh at him when he picks up bad words.
a) mustn’t            b) shouldn’t
c)  can’t               d)haven’t
4. I am sure he … to translate that article tomorrow.
a) is able              b) was able
c) will be able     d) were able

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. Акционеры более заинтересованы в увеличении размеров дивидендов, чем самой прибыли.
2. Маловероятно, чтобы сегодня компании существовали с одной единственной целью – получить как можно больше прибыли.
3. Задачи, стоящие перед менеджером, в высшей степени сложны и взаимосвязаны.
4. Выживание – без сомнения, доминирующая задача любой организации.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 4 абзацы
How funds flow through a business
1. Basically, money or funds go into purchasing assets, paying operating expenses and producing income. The operating expenses include the cost of materials and supplies. The manufacturer also must pay employee wages, rent or mortgage, insurance premiums and utility bills.
2. Some very small firms operate on a cash basis. They neither obtain credit nor borrow money. Other firms extend their resources through the use of credit. The owner of the firm invests some of his own money and has a lot more of other people’s.
3. The business use money to buy assets like land, buildings and furnishings, and tools, machines, and equipment. The manufacturer sometimes buys them with mortgage loans which he secures by the building or the equipment itself. In other words, the bank or insurance company really owns the property until the manufacturer has paid the mortgage in full. The use or debt, or credit, increases both the assets and the income of the purchaser. The use of borrowed money to make more money is called leverage.
4. If the manufacturer is sure that cash will be available at any time, he will need no cash reserve. But this rarely happens. Instead he always needs a reserve supply of cash on hand. And this poses a problem for management. Idle cash earns no profit and declines in value because of inflation. Cash is used to produce income. If a manager has some idle cash, he will put it into financial institutions to draw interest. Sometimes a company with excess funds will buy securities from one of the exchanges and let them earn income until the company needs funds. Then it will sell the securities to get the funds. These securities are called near money.

Вариант 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. … most important way of raising long – term capital is by issuing … shares.
2. The firm made … loans to … Argentine and … Brazil.
3.  His wife, … pretty little thing, was … actress for … moment out of … job.
4. At first I found it difficult to understand … English money.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. Does a credit union lend … money to its members? – It lends … money to its members.
2. … student can answer the question.
3. I think there is … wrong with my watch.
4. The student didn’t understand … because she heard … .
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many; 
c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. Starting a business without financial support from the bank may cause you … trouble.
2. He was so happily absorbed in the building of his house that events outside it affected him … .
3. Ads took 2 percent of the total income, … more than usual.
4. At the conference we met … people whom we knew well.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. Profit … an important part in determining the allocation of resources.
a) played             b) play
c) will play          d) plays
2. Competition between firms ... to the elimination of firms which are unable to change their products and their methods of production.
a) lead                  b) leads
c) will lead           d) led
3. When the company joined New York stock market, it … already … on the London market for 5 years.
a) has been                 b) have been
c) will have been        d) had been
4. In recent years a large volume of short – term capital or ‘hot money’ … from one country to another seeking greater security or higher interest rates. 
a) had been moving            b) has been moving
c) have been moving          d) will have been moving

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. Based on the total figure, it appears that an error … in the budget.
a) is made            b) are made
c) was made        d) were made
2. These products … by a special team.
a) has been designed            b) have been designed
c) had been designed            d) will be designed
3. An industry which … increasingly … may be employing less labour but increasing its output.
a) were being mechanised         b) was being mechanised
c) are being mechanised            d) is being mechanised
4. A letter of credit may … only by the named beneficiary.
a) is utilized             b) are utilized
c) will be utilized     d) be utilized

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. If production … very easily and quickly in response to an increase in demand, supply will be elastic.
a) to expand                 b) to be expanded
c) can be expanded      d) could be expanded
2. If wages …, unemployment will increase.
a) rise                   b) rises
c) rose                  d) will rise
3. If I … in the city, I would attend his lecture.
a) am                    b) are
c) was                   d) were
4. If he … out all the drawbacks, we should have found ways to solve the problem.
a) have pointed     b) has pointed
c) had pointed       d) will point

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. I must have my hair … tomorrow.
a) to cut            b) cut
c) cuts               d) will cut
2. My friend knows me … tax benefit from the government.
a) receive           b) receives
c) to receive       d) received
3. When did you have your watch ...?
a) rapaire            b) repaires
c) repaired          d) will repaire
4. I hate her ... a large amount of money into business. She doesn’t know how to attract customers.
a) put                  b) puts
c) will put           d) to put

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. Competence in media planning is considered … essential for a career in media.
a) is              b) am
c) are            d) to be
2. A national bank is reported ... by the federal government.
a) to be chartered     b) will be chartered
c) is chartered          d) was chartered
3. The poem is believed ... by Byron.
a) has been written           b) have been written
c) to have been written     d) had been written
4. The playwright is supposed ... at a new comedy.
a) to work               b)works
c) to be working     d)worked

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. They sent the goods two weeks ago; so, they … have arrived by now.
a) can            b) could
c) must          d) need
2. These figures can’t be right. There … be a mistake somewhere.
a) can            b) must
c) may           d) might
3. The goods … to be delivered at the end of the month.
a) is               b) are
c) was            d) were
4. If you pass your examinations, you … to go to the south.
a) is allowed        b) are allowed
c) will allowed    d) were allowed

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. Менеджер компании должен тщательно анализировать экономическую обстановку.
2. Инфляция сокращает покупательскую способность потребителей и, следовательно, спрос.
3. Для того, чтобы определить соответствующую категорию данного товара или рынка, необходимо учитывать ряд факторов.
4. Как потребительский, так и отраслевой рынки могут подразделяться на регионы.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы
Letters of Credit
1. Letters of credit may be either revocable or irrevocable.
The revocable letter of credit carries a risk to the seller. It may be amended or cancelled at any moment without prior notice to the beneficiary. The irrevocable letter of credit can neither be amended nor cancelled without agreement of all parties.
2. A letter of credit may be utilized only by the named beneficiary. Sometimes, though, the importer wants to make the letter of credit transferable to another person or company. The bank then prepares a transferable letter of credit addresses to the beneficiary “and/or transferee”.
3. The revolving letter of credit is used when a series of identical transactions is made over a fixed period of time.
Sometimes a customer may want a bank to issue a traveler’s letter of credit, which is also called a circular letter of credit. It provides a traveler with access to large sums as he makes a trip.
4. Many foreign banks are not well known internationally. Because of this, a foreign bank usually sends its letters of credit through a United States bank and asks the United States bank to advise and confirm them. This results in advised letters of credit and confirmed letters of credit.

Вариант 4
 I.  Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. … price quotations are of major importance.
2.  I know … work I’ve done is … good work, the best of my life.
3. This thought gave him … immense satisfaction.
4. However, I don’t propose to discuss … politics, … sociology or … metaphysics with you.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. Do pension funds invest … money into the industry? 
2. There are … matches left. We must buy … .
3. Will you bring … with you or you come alone?
4. If you look in the yellow pages, I am sure you’ll find … who can fix your TV.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many;
 c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. Banks in the USA are subject to … government regulations.
2. My sister spends so … money on her clothes that she has none left for holidays.
3. Knowledge of one foreign language is too … for a manager.
4. He had … English books at home, so he had to go to the library for more books.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. We … five new applications since the beginning of the year.
a) has been testing      b) had been testing
c) have been testing    d) will have been testing
2. As soon as we … the new line, productivity went up.
a) had installed               b) has installed
c) will have installed      d) have installed
3. The manager … out the strategic planning for the company.
a) worked            b) works
c) will work         d)work
4. The reserve cash … our company avoid bank charges last summer.
a) helps                b) help
c) helped              d) will help

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. The ordinary share capital of a company … usually … to as the equity of the company.
a) is referred         b)  are referred
c) was referred      d) were referred
2. When the bell rang, this question … still … .
a) is being discussed          b) are being discussed
c) was being discussed      d) were being discussed
3. When the advertisement … in the newspaper?
a) is placed                         b) are placed
c) will have been placed    d) will be placed
4. Businesses that distribute or deal in money … financial institutions.
a) is called            b) are called
c) was called        d) were called

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. If our supplier … to miss deadlines, we must look for alternatives.
a) continue            b) continues
c) continued          d) will continue
2. If the consultant … more careful research, he would have identified the gap in the market.
a) have done          b) has done
c) had done            d) will have done
3. If the agent … on the agreement, we would have taken legal action.
a) will have defaulted      b) would have defaulted
c) has defaulted               d) had defaulted 
4. If the market for our products …, we will have a 20 per cent increace in turnover next year.
a) expand               b) expands
c) expanded           d) will expand

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. We’d like them … further details about prices and terms of delivery.
a) will have            b) to have
c) have                   d) had
2. He heard her ear ... from the opposite direction.
a) approach            b) approaches 
c) approached        d) to approach
3. When did you have your customers ... loan payments?
a) make                  b) makes
c) to make              d) made
4. He wanted his letters ... at once.
a) is sent                 b) are sent
c) to be sent            d) to send

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. That power station is known … an the Angara River.
a) is situated            b) are situated
c) to be situated       d) to situate
2. Your equipment was heard … to our conditions.
a) has been adapted                b) have been adapted
c) to have been adapted          d) had been adapted
3. The climate is considered … healthful.
a) to be                  b) is
c) am                     d) are
4. This appeared … the policeman.
a) amuse                b) amuses
c) amused              d) to amuse

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. … I make a comment at this point? – Yes, of course you … .
a) may                  b) might
c) can                   d) must
2. He ... have made a decision yesterday.
a) can                   b) must
c) should              d) need
3. I ... not go out today: it is too cold.
a) may                 b) can
c) need                d) must
4. We ... to buy biscuits because granny had baked a delicious pie.
a) didn’t have      b) don’t have
c) doesn’t have    d) won’t have

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. Совет директоров – это группа лиц, играющая основную роль в деятельности организации.
2. Продукция, производимая различными отраслями экономики, может классифицироваться по нескольким признакам.
3. Согласно закону о партнерстве, прибыли и потери распределяются поровну.
4. Главным недостатком, как индивидуального предпринимательства, так и партнерства является неограниченная ответственность.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 4 абзацы
Investors
1. Investors may be organizations or individuals. Organization as institutional investors buy securities with their funds or funds held in trust for others. Major institutional investors are insurance companies make their investments generate profits and funds for paying future insurance claims. A pension fund wants to make money on its investments so that it can pay off pensioners.
2. The other types of investors are individuals who trade securities for their own accounts. The majority of personal investors have rather small stock portfolios usually valued at less than $50,000. They often use these funds for major purchases such as a home, retirement income, or as a source of cash in case of emergency. 
3. The objectives of investors can be identified in terms of speculation, growth, and income.
4. Some investors set an objective of achieving big payoffs. They engage in speculation, or assuming large risks in the hope of large returns. One of the ways to speculate is to buy «penny stock». It is highly speculative stock that sells at less than $5. A $1 stock that is in high demand may rapidly run up to $3 thus tripling the initial investment. «Penny stock» is typically a share in new ventures.
5. More investors are interested in long term growth in the value of their investment. They tend to prefer the so called blue chip stocks of large, high quality companies such as IBM, General Motors, American Express. The dividend for blue chip stocks is rather low because these firms reinvest must of their profits in research in order to remain competitive.

Вариант 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. … largest and best known exchange in … USA is … New York Stock Exchange.
2. He had … pronounced views on what … United States was doing for … world.
3. I’m not … wage – earner; I’m … self – employed man. I nave … business of my own.
4. I see that your house is built of … wood. Are you insured against … fire?

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. There are … commercial finance companies that provide collateralized loans to businesses.
2. If you have … news, call me back.
3. … has any right to interfere in this matter.
4. Oh, wait a minute. There is … going on.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many;
 c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. Savings and Loan Associations attract … small savers who do not want to have any risk.
2. My engagements were … and I was glad to accept the invitation.
3. It’s no use asking him about it. He has … knowledge of the subject.
4. We have to earn as … interest as possible in order to keep up with the inflation.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. When Mr. Smith retires next week, he … for our firm for 30 years.
a) will have been working         b) will work
c) will be working                     d) is working
2. Turnover … by 5 per cent this year.
a) had increased            b) has increased
c) have increased          d) will increase
3. The sum of those individual demands … the business person to undertake production.
a) provide                     b) will provide
c) provides                   d) provided
4. Changes in the total population and changes in the age distribution … both the total demand for goods and services and the composition of that demand.
a) affect                         b) affect
c) affected                     d) will affect

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. The ordinary shareholder is entitled to the residue of profits after all other claims … .
a) has been met             b) have been met
c) had been met             d) was met
2. She … some bad advice about selecting courses.
a) is given                     b) are given
c) was given                 d) were given
3. The highest interest … to the customers who deposit their money for a long period.
a) were paid                  b) was paid
c) are paid                     d) is paid
4. The goods could not … of in a short time.
a) will be disposed        b) would be disposed
c) be disposed               d) are disposed

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. If we … that the stock of capital is being increased relative to the stocks of the other factors of production, the returns to capital will be diminishing.
a) to assume                  b) assume
c) assumes                    d) assumed
2. We might beat the price increases, if we ... the investment now.
a) makes                       b) made
c) make                        d) to make
3. We would be very grateful if you ... us the information as soon as possible.
a) send                          b) sends
c) would send               d) will send
4. If the radicals ... the government more possible, they have wasted their time.
a) hasn’t made              b) haven’t made
c) hadn’t made              d) didn’t make

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. He heard them … new equipment the following Wednesday.
a) to install                   b) to be installed
c) installs                     d) install
2. I must have my profiles ... .
a) increase                    b) increased
c) will increase             d) increases
3. The teacher wants our homework ... well.
a) to prepare                 b) to be prepared
c) prepares                    d) prepared
4. I’d like you … our products in the American market.
a) to represent               b) to be represented
c) represents                  d) represented

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. The food is reported … much damage to the crops.
a) has caused                  b) have caused
c) had caused                 d) to have caused
2. The discussion seemed … to an end.
a) to come                      b) to be coming
c) comes                         d) come
3. His office turned out … in one of the back streets.
a) to be                           b) am
c) is                                d) are
4. A country is said … its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers.
a) protect                        b) protects
c) to protect                    d) to be protected

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. The company … waste any more time on this project.
a) couldn’t                    b) shouldn’t
c) can’t                         d) needn’t
2. The Internet … provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems.
a) must                         b) need
c) may                          d) should
3. Please let us known what quantities of goods you … to deliver till September.
a) is able                      b) are able
c) was able                  d) were able
4. All invoices … be paid not later than 30 days from the data of issue.
a) may                          b) might
c) must                         d) can

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. Сырьевые материалы, такие как кофе, сахар, медь и т.д., покупаются и продаются на товарных биржах.
2.Если урожай низок, покупатели предлагают более высокие цены, чтобы обеспечить себя необходимой продукцией.
3.То, что между рынками и отраслями национального хозяйства существует тесная взаимосвязь, – очевидно. 
4. Рыночная цена определяется сбалансированным влиянием спроса и предложения всех покупателей и продавцов на рынке.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы
Advertising
1. Advertising is the act of making a product, a service, a job vacancy, an event. etc. publicly known. It is a nonpersonal form of communication through paid means of information distribution with a clearly stated source of financing.
2. The advertising has many applications. A corporate image advertising is used to form a lasting image. A product advertising is used to distinguish a certain brand of products compared to other brands of the same trade class. Rubric advertising is used to distribute information about services, events or some sale. Clearance advertising is used to announce of some clearance sale. Explanatory advertising is used to uphold some idea.
3. Companies with strong advertisement department often resort to the services of advertising agencies. The agencies get a commission, usually a 15% discount of the value of the purchased advertising space. For instance, the agency buys an advertising space for 60 thousand dollars. The magazine draws up an invoice for 51 thousand dollars on the agency (60 thousand minus 15%), the agency in its turn charges the client the full amount of 60 thousand dollars keeping back 9 thousand dollars.
4. Making advertisement is a five-stage process which includes such stages as:
1) setting the objectives;
2) drawing up a budget;
3) the appeal;
4) the choice of means of information distribution;
5) assessment of the results.

Вариант 6
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. … safest type of securities are … government bonds because they are backed by … government.
2. … third way to transfer money abroad is … foreign draft.
3. Obviously we take … different views of … world. I want … better world.
4. … power tends to corrupt and … absolute power corrupts absolutely. 

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. There are … non – deposit financial institutions in the USA.
2. It was unlikely that … of the guests would take particular notice of it.
3. … at the airport could tell me … about this hotel.
4. … time wastes in moving from one job to another.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many; 
c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. Only … major customers can keep up with the rise of the service prices.
2. He didn’t earn … money and lived in the country.
3. At the bar … men were discussing the coming elections in loud barking voices.
4. Our credit union pays a higher rate than … other financial institutions.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. That firm … on negotiations for the purchase of ore.
a) are carrying            b) is carrying
c) was carrying           d) were carrying
2. We carefully examined the samples with they … us.
a) has sent                   b) have sent
c) had sent                  d) will sent
3. The borrower’s ability to repay … on the purpose of the loan.
a) depended                b) depend
c) will depend             d) depends
4. We … the Board of Directors tomorrow by 5.
a) will have elected           b) will elect
c) will be electing              d) elect

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. The output of agricultural products … seriously … by variations in weather conditions.
a) is affected               b) are affected
c) was affected            d) were affected
2. The legal control of monopoly … substantially … and modified since the first legislation in 1948.
a) had been extended            b) will be extended
c) has been extended            d) have been extended
3. Most government securities are marketable and may … and sold on the Stock Exchange.
a) is bought                b) are bought
c) was bought            d) be bought
4. Shipping … by heavy storms.
a) was affected           b) were affected
c) is affected              d) are affected

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. If we … production volume, we … from a more economic batch size.
a) will increase            b) would increase
c) increase                   d) increases
2. If the government … the tax incentive scheme, we would have faced serious financial difficulties. 
a) hasn’t introduced            b)haven’t introduced
c) hadn’t introduced            d) wouldn’t introduced
3. If a government … taxation, it gains a lot of popular support.
a) cut                            b) cuts
c) will cut                    d) would cut
4. If we … new equipment, we will become uncompetitive.
a) don’t install             b) doesn’t install
c) didn’t install            d) hadn’t installed

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. I’d like her … a shopping list first.
a) make                   b) makes
c) made                   d) to make
2. Mother didn’t want us … ice – cream before dinner.
a) to eat                   b) eat
c) eats                     d) ate
3. I made my partner … the Board of Directors.
a) to consult            b) consult
c) consults              d) consulted
4. I must have my own business … .
a) start                    b) starts
c) started                d) will start

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. The financial manager was considered … the needed funds for the next year yesterday.
a) to obtain            b) to have obtained
c) obtains              d) obtained
2. He was said … one of the most promising nuclear physicists.
a) to be                  b) am
c) is                       d) are
3. He appeared … his patience.
a) was losing         b) were losing
c) to lose               d) to be losing
4. He sure … me all about this even if don’t ask him.
a) tell                    b) tells
c) to tell                d) told

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. The manufacturer … pay employee wages.
a) can                 b) may
c) must              d) need
2. …. I speak to Paul Griffits, please? – I’m afraid you can’t. He is in a meeting at the moment.
a) must              b) can
c) may               d) should
3. The goods were packed in strong boxes so that they … withstand overseas transport.
a) can                b) could
c) may               d) might
4. It is raining. You … to put on your raincoat.
a) has                 b) had
c) have               d) will have
X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. Если цена рынка будет ниже предельных издержек производства, то менее эффективные фирмы будут вынуждены покинуть отрасль.
2. Компания, контролирующая 25% рынка, в Великобритании, считается сегодня монополией.
3. Рынок может быть сегментирован по регионам, городам, торговым объединениям и т.д.
4. В современном маркетинге значение марки товара настолько возросло, что этому вопросу следует уделить особое внимание.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы
Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly
1. Monopolistic competition occurs when a large number of firms produce slightly differentiated products. These firms sell similar but not identical products. Monopolistic competition resembles perfect competition in three ways: there are many buyers and sellers, entry and exit is easy, and firms take other firms’ prices as given. The distinction is that products are identical under perfect competition, while products are differentiated under monopolistic competition.
2. The firm under monopolistic competition is likely to produce less, and charge a higher price, that under perfect competition. Relative to pure monopoly, monopolistically competitive firms are likely to have lower profits, greater output, and lower prices. Firms under monopolistic competition will, of course, offer a wider variety of styles, brands, and qualities than will firms under perfect competition.
3. Oligopoly is characterized by a small number of firms and a great deal of interdependence. Oligopoly is a common market structure in the US. In oligopolistic industries prices tend to be rigid. 
4. Price leadership is quite common in oligopolistic industries, one or a few firms setting the price and the rest following their lead.
5. Relative to perfect competition, it seems likely that price and profits will be higher under oligopoly. Moreover, oligopolistic industries will tend to spend more on advertising, product differentiation, and style changes than perfectly competitive industries.
Вариант 7
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. One of … ways to speculate is to buy “penny stock”.
2.  She made … long telephone call from … lobby and ate … quick lunch.
3.  … bank’s most important activity is … extension of credit.
4. … travel agent would give you … information about … hotels.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. … banks are experimenting with accounts.
2. … boy at school had ever taken a scholarship to the university.
3. If … delays you, you must let me known.
4 You can’t expect just … student to solve the problem. It requires a mathematician.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many; 
c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. No matter how … money you have can open a bank account.
2. I have so … things to do that I don’t know which to do first.
3. Only … of our customers have accounts.
4. … information is supplied by stockbrokers.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. Small banks now … with larger banks by finding a special need and meeting it.
a) was competing            b) were competing
c) is competing               d) are competing
2. At last our company … to reduce each outgo today.
a) have decided               b) had decided
c) has decided                 d) decided
3. By then the rapid pace of industrialization in the United States meant that measuring time … essential.
a) has become                 b) have become
c) had become                 d) was become
4. At this time tomorrow she … her shopping.
a) was doing                   b) were doing
c) will do                        d) will be doing

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. As a letter of credit had not been opened by the buyers, the goods could not … by us.
a) be shipped            b) will be shipped
c) is shipped             d) are shipped
2. We think that the ship … next week. 
a) would be chartered            b) will be chartered
c) has been chartered             d) have been chartered
3. When I arrived at the port, all the cases … by skilled workers.
a) are packed                          b) is packed
c) has been packed                 d) had been packed
4. It … that he never phoned his home from the office.
a) will notice             b) would notice
c) was notice             d) were notice

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. They can ensure the quantity of the product if they … the supervisors.
a) to train              b) train
c) trains                d) trained
2. If we installed new equipment, we would become more competitive.
a) to install           b) install
c) installs              d) installed
3. We would have to reduce our workforce if the bank ... to extend our credit.
a) refuse                b) refuses
c) refused              d) will refuse
4. If you ... to these terms, we’ll send you our contract.
a) agree                 b) agreed
c) will agree           d) would agree

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. I’d like him … some calculations.
a) to make            b) make
c) makes              d) made
2. He made me … our business matter with clients.
a) to discuss         b) discuss
c) discussed         d) discussed
3. Where do you usually have your dress ... .
a) to make            b)make
c) made                d) makes
4. I expect him ... a just man.
a) am                    b) is
c) are                    d) to be

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. The article is likely … in the next issue of the journal.
a) appear            b) appeared
c) to appear        d) to be appeared
2. You can easily get in through the window if the door happens.
a) to lock            b) to be locked
c) lock                d) locked
3. A meeting was announced … for our top executives at 11 o’clock.
a) to be               b) is
c) was                d) were
4. Our company was heard … through arbitration procedures.
a) go                  b) went
c) to go              d) to be gone

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. When they send e-mail massages they only … to pay for their phone calls to their local service providers.
a) must            b) can 
c) have            d) may

2. He asked me if he ... borrow my car.
a) may             b) might
c) can              d) could
3. He ... to join the sports section as soon as he is through with his examination.
a) is allowed                     b) are allowed
c) will be allowed            d) to be allowed
4. According to our conditions of sale, your remittance ... to expect on March 12.
a) is                b) are 
c) was             d) were

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. Все решения по маркетингу должны приниматься в соответствии с финансовой дисциплиной.
2. Во время кризиса предприятие вынуждено было сократить производство.
3. Упаковка должна обеспечивать полную сохранность товара и защищать его от повреждения во время транспортировки.
4. Если качество товара не соответствует обусловленному в контракте, рекламации могут быть заявлены в гарантийный срок.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы
Earning Money
1. The statement above is, of course, not literally true. However, it does reflect a certain lack of enthusiasm for work in general. At the upper end of the social scale this attitude to work exists because leisure has always been the main outward sign of aristocracy. And because of Britain’s class system, it has had its effects throughout society. If you have to work, then the less it looks like work the better. Traditionally therefore, a major sign of being middle class (as opposed to working class) has been that you do non-manual work. The fact that skilled manual (or ‘blue-collar’) workers have been paid more highly than the lower grades of ‘white-collar’ (i.e. non-manual) worker for several decades has only slightly changed this social perception. This ‘anti-work’ outlook among the working class has led to a relative lack of ambition or enthusiasm and a belief that high earnings are more important than job satisfaction.
2. These attitudes are slowly changing. For example, al least half of the workforce now does non-manual work, and yet a majority describe themselves as working class. It would therefore seem that the connection between being middle class and doing non-manual work is growing weaker. Nevertheless, the connection between class distinctions and types of types of work lives on in a number of ways. One illustration of this is the different way in which earnings.

Вариант 8
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. … majority of … personal investors have rather small stock portfolios.
2.  … apples are sold by … pound. These are forty pence … pound.
3.  I don’t know what … price … owners are asking.
4. She’d been to … Oxford and she’d taken her degree in … economics.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. … people go to the bank in search of a safe place to keep their money.
2. They understood each other without … words.
3. But in any case, what can … do?
4. … one knows who started the world’s first bank.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many;
 c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. Very … financial institutions nowadays keep off technical innovations in the banking industry.
2. Last week there was so … rain that I was not able to go out.
3. He was in good shape, but perhaps should take thinks … easier.
4. This lemon drink is sour; if you put … lumps of sugar in it, it will be sweeter.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. The demand for bread … in Western Europe for several years.
a) is declining                         b) was declining 
c) have been declining            d)has been declining
2. I suggested meeting again after we … the proposals.
a) has read            b) have read
c) had read            d) read
3. When population is growing fast, the proportion of the people in the younger age … .
a) will be increasing            b) increases
c) will increase                    d) increased
4. The large industrialized countries … for a large proportion of international trade.
a) will account                    b) accounted
c) will be accounting          d) account

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. A personnel manager … now … .
a) will be appointed             b) had been appointed
c) has been appointed          d) have been appointed
2. Prices … by supply and demand and the willingness to buy and sell is subject to many influences.
a) is determined                  b) are determined
c) was determined              d) were determined
3. A good many business transactions … with an enquiry.
a) is opened                        b) are opened
c) was opened                    d) were opened
4. The contract … now.
a) is being typed                b) are being typed
c) was being typed            d) were being typed

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. If we … the chance, the competitors products will stay on the supermarket shelves.
a) don’t lose             b) doesn’t lose
c) didn’t lose            d) wouldn’t lose
2. What will a company do if it … some idle money on hand?
a) have                      b) has
c) had                        d) will have
3. If the market value … up, the dividends will also increase.
a) will go                   b) would go
c) goes                       d) go
4. If we … this right, we would have got more sales.
a) will promote         b) would promote
c) have promote       d) had promoted

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. I’d like her … such a competent trainee as you are in our company.
a) has                          b) have
c) had                         d) to have
2. He wanted me … to the President of the company.
a) to introduce            b) introduces
c) introduced              d) will introduce
3. We are going to have the price of the toothpaste … .
a) reduce                    b) reduces
c) reduced                  d) will reduce
4. We heard them … up the legislative programme of consumer protection.
a) set                          b) sets
c) will set                  d) would set
VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. Advertising is known … one of the most important factors in accelerating the distribution of products.
a) was                       b) were
c) to be                     d) is
2. The number of the unemployed is reported … with every year.
a) is increasing         b) am increasing
c) are increasing      d) to be increasing
3. They were sure … to an understanding.
a) to come                b) come 
c) comes                  d) came
4. You appear … in him something that I have missed.
a) has found             b) have found
c) to have found       d) had found

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. Franchisees … be willing to work long hours and do any job that needs to be done.
a) must                   b) can
c) could                  d) should
2. Many European exporters … to pay higher duties on their exports.
a) can                     b) may
c) must                  d) will have
3. One way an organization … find staff for job vacancies is to recruit outside the company.
a) may                   b) can
c) might                 d) could
4. They decided that she … to sent them a telegram every tenth day.
a) is                       b) was
c) has                    d) had

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. У промышленного предприятия имеются несколько вариантов реализации своей продукции.
2. Розничные торговцы ближе к покупателю, и поэтому они располагают более полной информацией о его потребностях и вкусах.
3. В Великобритании значительная часть рынка принадлежит независимым розничным торговцам.
4. Торговый агент обычно нанимается небольшой группой, финансы которой не позволяют организовать собственный сбыт товаров.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы
A World Economy
1. Changes throughout the world are opening new opportunities for business expansion. How can you participate and profit from these new and exciting world events? Learn to improve market share, to increase jobs in America by forming international strategic alliances, and to secure your economic future by effectively competing in the globalized economy.
2. Meeting and recognizing the opportunity.
International business development considerations must be as dynamic and flexible as our rapidly changing world. Managers of small-to-mid-sized business must be able to understand, and more importantly, recognize new opportunities and employ flexible approaches to the global market. Consumers in overseas client markets have the same needs as those in the United States. In the 1990s, there will be more demands upon business to include local content in products supplied in client nation. America is no longer the only place in the world to do business. You must think about the rest of the world if you are to survive and profit. 
3. The foreign trade deficit continues to be a drain on the United States. For the first eight months of 1989, the deficit averaged $9.2 billion. Of that amount, imports of foreign oil amounted to 43 percent (or approximately $4 billion). Our appetite for foreign-made products and overseas oil continues to place a burden on the United States economy. If the American public would encourage congress and the president to pass legislation favorable to domestic oil production it would have a major impact on reducing the foreign trade deficit.

Вариант 9
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. … world’s biggest brokerage firm sell insurance to its customers and lends them money.
2. He said he was … employee of … gas company.
3.  He got … job in … south and spend … next two years doing … work he really enjoyed.
4. It is … pleasure to do business with such … efficient organization.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. … investors set an objective of achieving big payoff.
2. There were … student of our group at the consultation yesterday.
3. It was clear that … had happened.
4. She has to go to the supermarket. There isn’t … in the fridge.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many; 
c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. … commercial banks also made loans and offered accounts to individual customers.
2. You can’t do without … cash on hand when you go to a provision shop.
3. They had brought … books with them that she hadn’t read.
4. I have … money left; let’s have dinner in a restaurant.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. The Bank Charter Act of 1844 … a long dispute about the control of money supply.
a) follow              b) followed
c) follows            d) will follow
2. In many countries economic development … to periods  of rapid population growth.
a) had led             b) led
c) have led           d) has led
3. We … to vacation in Pennsylvania but changed our minds when so much of it got badly flooded.
a) has been planning             b) have been planning
c) will be planning                d) had been planning
4. An increase in price usually means that production … more profitable.
a) become                b) becomes
c) will become         d) became

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. Raw materials and agricultural products … usually … in open markets, where the influence of cost on supply is much less pronounced.
a) was sold             b) were sold
c) is sold                 d) are sold
2. It … that there are rich deposits of coal in that district.
a) is known             b) are known
c) was known         d) were known
3. The goods … . You will have to wait half on hour.
a) is being examined             b) are being examined
c) was being examined          d) were being examined
4. Protective clothing must … at all times.
a) is worn               b) are worn
c) will be worn       d) be worn

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. If we … careful we will leave behind our competitors.
a) am                      b) is
c) are                      d) will be
2. If you offer … last week, we would have accepted it.
a) has been received                      b) have been received
c) will have been received            d) had been received
3. If we … the product development in time we will be ready for the change of the demand.
a) schedule              b) schedules
c) scheduled            d) will schedule
4. If I … not … so busy yesterday, I would have gone to the station to see him off.
a) has been              b) have been
c) had been              d) will be

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. I’d like them … about the delivery of replacement and spare parts.
a) to inform            b) will inform
c) inform                d) informs
2. I expect an advertisement ... a short description of the job, conditions of work and salary. 
a) give                   b) gives
c) will give            d) to give
3. He knows them ... the requirements of each job in a detailed job description.
a) will specify        b) to specify
c) is specified         d) are specified
4. She has had no photographs of herself ... since her childhood.
a) take                    b) took
c) taken                  d) to take

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. This type of rocket is supposed … many advantages.
a) to have               b) has
c) taken                  d) had
2. The apparatus seemed ... in excellent condition.
a) are                      b) were
c) to be                   d) will be
3. He made me ... the new industrial project in terms of customer needs.
a) to be analysed    b) analyse
c) to analyse           d) analyses 
4. He is sure ... me all about this even if I don’t ask him.
a) to be told            b) to tell
c) tells                    d) told

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. If you want my advice, you … find another supplier.
a) can                     b) could
c) must                  d) should
2. Any two computers on the Internet … to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them.
a) is able               b) was able
c) to be able          d) will be able
3. The expert admits that the goods … have been damaged in transit.
a) might                b) may
c) must                 d) can
4. He said that she … already have come back from the south.
a) should              b) must
c) might               d) could

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. Информация, полученная в результате маркетингового исследования, имеет для руководства компании большое значение.
2. Исследователь должен полностью понимать характер проблем, стоящих перед исполнителем.
3. Рабочая сила является одним из четырех традиционных факторов производства.
4. На работу человека большое влияние оказывает отношение к его работе коллег, руководства и подчиненных.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы
Advertising Agencies
1. Many companies, especially manufacturers, use advertising agencies to carry out some or all of their advertising activities. An advertising agency is an independent company that renders specialized services in advertising in particular and in marketing in general. 
2. Advertising agencies plan and execute entire advertising campaigns. They employ more advertising specialists than their clients do because they spread the cost over many accounts. A company can benefit from an agency’s experience with other products and clients. Many advertising agencies offer a wide range of services including research, public relations, and new product development assistance. In fact, many of these firms are becoming marketing agencies, offering services heretofore performed by other outside specialists or by the advertisers themselves.
3. Using both a Department and an Agency.
Main firms have their own advertising department and also use an advertising agency. The internal advertising department acts as a liaison between the agency and the company, giving the company greater control over this major expenditure. It approves the agency’s plans and ads, is responsible for preparing and administering the advertising budget, and coordinates advertising with personal selling. The department may also handle direct mail, dealer displays, and other promotional activities if they are not handled by the agency.

Вариант 10
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Вставьте нужный артикль: a) a; b) an; c) the; d) -.
1. … simples way of transferring funds abroad is by means of airmail remittance order.
2.  Peter’s at … office but you could get him on … phone. There’s … telephone box just round … corner.
3. We have … very good train service from here to … city center and most people go to … work by train.
4. … people think that … lead is heaviest metal, but … gold is heavier.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями или их производными: a) some; b) any; c) no; d) их производные.
1. In … contexts inflation refers to a steady increase in the supply of money.
2. I’m not going to see him because I have … important to report.
3. … has been here before us.
4. Does he know … about computers? – Yes, he knows … because he is the best specialist in computer science.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски следующими словами: a) much; b) many; 
c) (a) little; d) (a) few.
1. … foreign banks are not well – known internationally.
2. It was far cheaper than he expected, so he made up his mind to spend twice as … money as he had wanted.
3. … will depend on what the minister says.
4. There was … water in the river, and they decided to cross it.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите форму глагола.
1. By then I … the last cent of what he owes.
a) will have collected            b) will collect
c) will be collecting              d) would be collecting
2. In recent years governments in the UK … increasing attention to the role of small business in the economy.
a) had paid               b) will have paid
c) have paid             d) has paid
3. Bank – notes first … into use in Britain during the seventeenth century.
a) come                    b) came
c) comes                  d) will come
4. What we … now … in many capitalist countries is a fundamental change in the traditional attitudes towards private enterprise.
a) was witnessing             b) is witnessing
c) were witnessing           d) are witnessing

V. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. Countries … often … as under populated or overpopulated.
a) was described            b) were described
c) is described                d) are described
2. Large quantities of coal … by this mine this year.
a) is being produced            b) was being produced
c) would be produce            d) will be produced
3. It … that he will announce his candidacy soon.
a) is assumed                 b) are assumed
c) was assumed             d) were assumed
4. The invoice must … by the accountant.
a) is being checked        b) are being checked
c) be checked                 d) would be checked

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. If the price of jam … up, the increase will be passed on the consumer.
a) go                       b) goes
c) went                   d) to go
2. If you … between two and three o’clock yesterday, you would have found him.
a) has come            b) have come
c) had come            d) will come
3. If we … the equipment, we would have become more competitive.
a) has installed        b) have installed
c) had installed        d) will have installed
4. If I … you, I would invest some money into the industry.
a) am                       b) is
c) was                      d) were

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное дополнение.
1. I’d like them … us a good discount.
a) give                    b) gives
c) gave                   d) to give
2.	I expect them … settlement of my account.
a) postpone            b) to postpone
c) postpones           d) will postpone
3. My mother wanted me … English.
a) study                  b) studies
c) to study              d) will study
4. I know her … quite differently.
a) will behave       b) would behave
c) behaves             d) to behave

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Употребите сложное подлежащее.
1. The larger firm is more likely … to employ buyers who are experienced in buying particular products.
a) is able               b) was able
c) will be able       d) to be able
2. Since that time the market of these larger companies does not seem … .
a) has increased             b) have increased
c) to have increased       d) to have been increased
3. The manager is said … in right derection.
a) to be moving             b) will be moving
c) is moving                  d) are moving
4.You are sure … there tomorrow night, aren’t you?
a) is                       b) are
c) to be                  d) will be

IX. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык. Заполните пропуски модельными глаголами или их эквивалентами.
1. If people see that they … make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will increase.
a) may                    b) can
c) could                  d) should
2. In the new flexible system, employees … take less than half an hour for lunch.
a) shouldn’t            b) couldn’t
c) mustn’t               d) needn’t
3. Where … the lecture to take place? – I suppose in the assembly hall.
a) was                     b) were
c) is                        d) are 
4. … I suggest that we postpone this matter till later?
a) may                    b) might
c) can                     d) could

X. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения
с русского языка на английский язык.
1. Установив цели рекламы, следует определить вероятных потребителей, учитывая их отношение к альтернативным средствам информации.
2. Корпоративные и финансовые связи с общественностью создают имидж организации и усиливают ее позицию на рынке.
3. Руководители не должны принимать решения, которые подчиненные не будут выполнять.
4. Чем выше пост менеджера, тем более общая информация ему требуется.

XI. Прочтите текст.  Письменно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы
Partnership
1. A partnership is a legal association of two or more persons as coowners of a business for profit. The partners share the profits and losses of the business and often the management responsibilities as well. Partnerships range from small, two person operations to international businesses with hundreds of employees. They are formed for many purposes such as sharing in the ownership of property, making contracts, and operating businesses. In a general partnership, all partners are legally equal and are liable for the business’s debts. In a limited partnership, however, one or more people act as general partners and run the business; the remaining partners are passive investors whose liability is limited to the amount of their capital contribution.
2. Advantages of partnerships.
Partnerships share many of the advantages of proprietorships. They are easy to form, although itys wise to get a lawyer’s advice on the details. In addition, partnerships may provide tax advantages, since profits are taxed at personal income-tax rates rather than corporate rates. 
3. A partnership has greater profit potential than a proprietorship does, since two or more individuals are pooling their talents. Partnerships also have a built-in incentive for talented employees. In fields such as accounting, law, and finance, the prospect of becoming a partner may occasionally require an investment in business, but the prestige and subsequent rewards are strong motivators.
5. Partnerships also have the benefit of a definite legal standing. Usually the partners have entered into a specific explicit agreement; and even if they have not done so, there is often an implied agreement that would be upheld in court if a legal question arose.